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Chapter 7 ■ Health Disparities and the Social Determinants of Health
BOX 7–1 n The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, World Health Organization, 1948 Article 22
The goal is to create interventions that change outcomes and decrease racial and ethnic disparities. The five pur- poses of the model are to: 1. Provide policy makers and others concerned with health disparities with a better appreciation of the issues. 2. Better understand the interrelationship of all the variables. 3. Provide a research format and direction for data input. 4. Give building blocks to the community stakehold- ers so that they can contribute input and improve structure. 5. Improve the systematic planning of data collection, interventions, and evaluation. 60 all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Article 27 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts, and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary, or artistic production of which he is the author. old age, or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Article 26 1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of re- spect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social secu- rity and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organ- ization and resources of each State, of the economic, social, and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Article 23 1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employ- ment, to just and favorable conditions of work, and to pro- tection against unemployment. 2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable re- muneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. Article 25 1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,
Source: Reference (54).
CDC not only tracks disparity in health outcomes but also provides detailed information on evidence-based resources to state and local governments. Every few years, they release a report on programs aimed at reduc- ing health disparity. 58 The U.S. Office of Minority Health (OMH) was created to address disparity and inequity in health among racial and ethnic minorities, including Native Americans on reservations. The OMH provides funding for assessment, research, education, and inter- vention with public and private collaborative partners as suggested by the summit. 59 In 2008, the OMH generated a logic model specific to improving ethnic and minority health that continues to describe what the OMH does (Fig. 7-6). 60 The model provides guidance to health-care providers, policy makers, community stakeholders, and researchers to move the process along in a unified way.
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