Test Your Knowledge Multiple-choice review questions at the end of each chapter reinforce the material and help your students to assess their progress.
Review of Key Terms Every chapter features short definitions of key terms covered. Students will find an audio glossary of these terms online.
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Test Your Knowledge
Pericardial cavity: Space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium that contains a small amount of serous fluid Pericardium: The membranous fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and the bases of the great vessels Preload: The amount of tension, or stretch, in the ventricular muscle just before it contracts Proprioceptors: Sensors in muscles and joints that signal the cardiac center of changes in physical activity Pulmonary edema: Accumulation of fluid in the lungs Pericardial cavity: Space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium that contains a small amount of serous fluid Pulmonary valve: Heart valve that prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle Pericardium: The membranous fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and the bases of the great vessels Preload: The amount of tension, or stretch, in the ventricular muscle just before it contracts Proprioceptors: Sensors in muscles and joints that signal the cardiac center of changes in physical activity Pulmonary edema: Accumulation of fluid in the lungs Pulmonary valve: Heart valve that prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
Purkinje fiber: Nerve-like processes that extend from the bundle branches to the ventricular myocardium; form the last part of the cardiac conduction system Rhythmicity: Term applied to the heart’s ability to beat regularly Semilunar valves: The two valves that regulate flow between the ventricles and the great arteries Sinoatrial node: The heart’s primary pacemaker, where normal cardiac impulses arise Skeleton of the heart: Semi-rigid, fibrous connective tissue encircling each heart valve Starling’s law of the heart: States that the more the ventricle is stretched (within limits), the more forcefully it will contract
Stroke volume: The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat Systole: Contraction of the chambers of the heart Tachycardia: Persistent heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute Tricuspid valve: The right atrioventricular valve, which regulates flow between the right atrium and right ventricle Ventricles: The two lower chambers of the heart
1. The point of maximum impulse of the heart is at the: a. mediastinum. b. base. c. apex. d. aorta. 2. The portion of the heart wall that lines the heart’s chambers is the: a. myocardium. b. pericardium. c. endocardium. d. epicardium. 3. Which heart valve controls the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle? a. Pulmonary valve b. Aortic valve c. Tricuspid valve d. Mitral valve 4. What is the name of the great vessel that supplies blood to the right atrium? a. Superior and inferior venae cavae b. Aorta 5. How does the myocardium receive its blood supply? a. It receives its supply of blood from the left ventricle. b. It receives its blood through the coronary sinus. c. It doesn’t require any additional blood other than what flows through the chambers. d. It receives its blood through the right and left coronary arteries. 6. What is the heart’s primary pacemaker? a. The atrioventricular (AV) node b. The Purkinje fibers c. The sympathetic nervous system d. The sinoatrial (SA) node 7. On an electrocardiogram, the QRS complex represents: a. atrial depolarization. b. ventricular depolarization. c. ventricular repolarization. d. impulse transmission from the atria to the ventricles.
8. The cardiac cycle is: a. the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute. b. the heart’s ability to beat spontaneously. c. the period when the left ventricle ejects its volume of blood. d. the series of events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. 9. Cardiac output equals: a. heart rate times stroke volume. b. stroke volume times ejection fraction. c. age times heart rate. d. the percentage of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction. 10. The parasympathetic nervous system sends impulses to the heart via the vagus nerve, which: a. slows the heart rate. b. increases the heart rate. c. doesn’t affect the heart rate. d. raises the blood pressure, which, in turn, slows the heart rate. 11. What is the term used to describe the amount of tension, or stretch, in the ventricular muscle just before it contacts? a. Contractility b. Afterload
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Purkinje fiber: Nerve-like processes that extend from the bundle branches to the ventricular myocardium; form the last part of the cardiac conduction system Rhythmicity: Term applied to the heart’s ability to beat regularly Semilunar valves: The two valves that regulate flow between the ventricles and the great arteries Sinoatrial node: The heart’s primary pacemaker, where normal cardiac impulses arise Skeleton of the heart: Semi-rigid, fibrous connective tissue encircling each heart valve Starling’s law of the heart: States that the more the ventricle is stretched (within limits), the more forcefully it will contract
c. Pulmonary artery d. Pulmonary veins Tricuspid valve: The right atrioventricular valve, which regulates flow between the right atrium and right ventricle Ventricles: The two lower chambers of the heart Stroke volume: The amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat Systole: Contraction of the chambers of the heart Tachycardia: Persistent heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute
Own the Information
To make the information in this chapter part of your working memory, take some time to reflect on what you’ve learned. On a separate sheet of paper, write down everything you recall from the chapter. After you’re done, log on to FADavis.com, and check out the Study Group podcast and Study Group Questions for the chapter.
Key Topics for Chapter 15: • The size, location, and key structures of the heart • Sounds made by the heart • Heart chambers, valves, and great vessels • Blood flow through the heart • Coronary circulation • Cardiac muscle • Cardiac conduction and ECGs • Cardiac cycle • Cardiac output and the factors affecting cardiac output
c. Ascites d. Preload
Own the Information
For additional resources visit FADavis.com
4762_Ch15_296-317.indd 316 To make the information in this chapter part of your working memory, take some time to reflect on what you’ve learned. On a separate sheet of paper, write down everything you recall from the chapter. After you’re done, log on to FADavis.com, and check out the Study Group podcast and Study Group Questions for the chapter.
4762_Ch15_296-317.indd 317 Key Topics for Chapter 15: • The size, location, and key structures of the heart • Sounds made by the heart • Heart chambers, valves, and great vessels • Blood flow through the heart • Coronary circulation • Cardiac muscle • Cardiac conduction and ECGs • Cardiac cycle • Cardiac output and the factors affecting cardiac output 4/3/24 11:26 AM
4/3/24 11:26 AM Own the Information Exercises ask students to identify the most important points in each chapter and then compare their lists to the author’s learning objectives.
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Life lesson: Changes with aging With advanced age, the heart undergoes several changes:
• The aorta loses elasticity, making it harder for the left ventricle to eject its volume of blood. Left ventricular afterload increases, and, over time, the left ventricular walls thicken and the left ventricle hypertrophies. • The flaps comprising the heart’s valves thicken and stiffen, making heart murmurs more common. • An older heart has fewer atrial pacemaker cells, causing heart rate to decline. Scarring also tends to occur in the heart’s conduction system, increasing the risk for arrhythmias and conduction disorders. • Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors become less reactive, and the heart becomes less responsive to adrenergic stimulation. As a result, the heart is less capable of increasing heart rate during times of stress (such as exercise). The maximum heart rate also declines because the heart is less responsive to sympathetic stimulation. Despite these changes, when at rest, the heart of an older individual functions nearly as well as that of a younger person. In addition, many of the effects of aging on the heart can be reduced by regular exercise.
Life Lessons Clinical applications show students how anatomy and physiology relate to daily living.
Review of Key Terms
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4/3/24 11:26 AM
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Afterload: The forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart
Base: Broadest part of the heart; where great vessels enter and leave
Diastole: The period of cardiac muscle relaxation
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