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CHAPTER 3 • Prefixes
Prefix Types
Table 3-4 Prefixes of Direction—cont’d Prefix Meaning
Table 3-4 Prefixes of Direction This table lists commonly used prefixes of direction as well as their meanings and word analyses. Prefix Meaning Word Analysis ab- from, away from
Word Analysis
para-*
para/ nas/al (pa˘r-a˘-NA¯ -sa˘l): beside the nose nas: nose -al: pertaining to super/ ior (soo-PE¯ -re¯-or): pertaining to above or the upper part of a structure -ior: pertaining to supra/ ren/al (soo-pra˘-RE¯ -na˘l): pertaining to above the kidney ren: kidney -al: pertaining to ultra/ son/ic (u˘l-tra˘-SO˘ N-˘ık): pertaining to sound beyond (that which can be heard by the human ear) son: sound -ic: pertaining to
near, beside; beyond
ab/ duction (a˘b-DU˘ K-shu˘n): movement of a limb away from (the body) -duction: act of leading, bringing, conducting Abduction is a body movement away from the midline or axis of the body. (See Fig. 3-2.) ad/ duction (a˘b-DU˘ K-shu˘n): movement of a limb toward (the body) -duction: act of leading, bringing, conducting Adduction is a body movement toward to the midline or axis of the body. (See Fig. 3-2.)
super-
upper, above
ad-
toward
supra-
above; excessive; superior
ultra-
excess, beyond
* Para- may also be used as a suffix meaning to bear (offspring).
Other Common Prefixes Many other common prefixes may also change the meaning of a word. See Table 3-5 for a list of other common prefixes.
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Table 3-5 Other Common Prefixes
A Ad duction
B
Ab duction Figure 3-2 Ab duction and ad duction.
This table lists other commonly used prefixes, along with their meanings and word analyses. Prefix Meaning Word Analysis a-* without, not
circum/ ren/al (se˘r-ku˘m-RE¯ -na˘l): pertaining to around the kidney ren: kidney -al: pertaining to peri/ odont/al (pe˘r-e¯-o¯-DO˘ N-ta˘l): pertaining to around a tooth odont: teeth -al: pertaining to dia/ rrhea (d¯ı-a˘-RE¯ -a˘): flow through -rrhea: discharge, flow Diarrhea is a condition of abnormally frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter through the bowel. trans/ vagin/al (tra˘ns-VA˘ J-˘ın-a˘l): pertaining to across or through the vagina vagin: vagina -al: pertaining to ecto/ gen/ous (e˘k-TO˘ J-e˘-nu˘s): forming outside (the body or structure) gen: forming, producing, origin -ous: pertaining to An ectogenous infection is one that originates outside of the body. exo/ tropia (e˘ks-o¯-TRO¯ -pe¯-a˘): turning outward -tropia: turning Exotropia refers to the turning outward of the eyes. extra/ crani/al (e˘ks-tra˘-KRA¯ -ne¯-a˘l): pertaining to outside the skull crani: cranium (skull) -al: pertaining to
circum-
around
a/ mast/ia (a˘-MA˘ S-te¯-a˘): without a breast mast: breast -ia: condition Amastia may be the result of a congenital defect, an endocrine disorder, or mastectomy. an/ esthesia (a˘n-e˘s-THE¯ -ze¯-a˘): without feeling -esthesia: feeling Anesthesia may be a partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness. anti/ bacteri/al (a˘n-t˘ı-ba˘k-TE¯ R-e¯-a˘l): against bacteria bacteri: bacteria -al: pertaining to Antibacterials are substances that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth or replication. contra/ ception (ko˘n-tra˘-SE˘ P-shu˘n): against conceiving -ception: conceiving Contraceptive techniques prevent pregnancy by means of medication, a device, or a method that blocks or alters one or more of the processes of reproduction.
peri-
an-**
dia-
through, across
anti-
against
trans-
ecto-
outside, outward
contra-
exo-
extra-
*The prefix a- is usually used before a consonant. ** The prefix an- is usually used before a vowel.
(continued)
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