Table 2. Key Terms Pertaining to Simulation Tools 6
Term
Definition
▪ A device, including lower and higher simulation technologies, that can be used to promote participant learning (Yale University, n.d.). Examples include task trainers, mannequins (manikins) and immersive environments (i.e., virtual reality). The specific simulation tool should be chosen based on the predetermined objectives and outcomes (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016b; Yale University, n.d.). ▪ The modality or “the platform for the experience” (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016b, S7). ▪ A description of what healthcare simulation is; known as “an effective tool, technique, or method” (Barjis, 2011, p. 2). ▪ An instrument used to assess/evaluate in a simulation. ▪ Any object or representation used during training or assessment that behaves or operates like a given system and responds to the user’s actions (SSH). ▪ A device that duplicates the essential features of a task situation. A simulator generally has three elements: ● A modelled process which represents, emulates, or otherwise simulates a real-world system ● A control system ● A human-machine interface which is representative of the inputs found in the real-world system (Australian Department of Defense). Examples include manikins and part-task trainers. ▪ A person who has been carefully coached to simulate an actual patient so accurately that the simulation cannot be detected by a skilled clinician. In performing the simulation, the SP presents the gestalt of the patient being simulated; not just the history, but the body language, the physical findings, and the emotional and personality characteristics as well (Barrows, 1993). ▪ An individual trained to portray a patient with a specific condition in a realistic, standardized, and repeatable way and where portrayal/presentation varies based only on learner performance; this strict standardization of performance in a simulated session is what can distinguish standardized patients from simulated patients. ▪ SPs can be used for teaching and assessment of learners, including but not limited to history/consultation, physical examination, and other clinical skills in simulated clinical environments Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE). SPs can also be used to give feedback and evaluate learner performance (ASPE). ▪ An individual who is trained to portray a real patient in order to simulate a set of symptoms or problems used for healthcare education, evaluation, and research (SSH). ▪ More commonly used in the USA and Canada in large part because SPs participate in high stakes assessments in which SP responses to the learner were standardized. In recent years as SPs have been included in more formative teaching scenarios, its meaning has become interchangeable with the term simulated patient.
Simulation Tools
Simulator
Standardized Patient or Simulated Patient
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